Bearing Freedom
Filed ATF · DOJ · Office of Public & Governmental Affairs April 29, 2026 34 rulemakings · 5 groups
Announced 29 APR 2026
Origin Washington, D.C.
Notices 34 · 5 groups
Status Open Comment
Federal Records · Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms & Explosives

New Era of Reform

The agency that wrote the regulations is the same agency now striking them off the books. Thirty-four rulemakings. Five groups. The largest modernization of ATF regulations since the agency was created.

Announced April 29, 2026 Notices 34 Open comment 27 of 34 Already final 7

For four years the ATF told the firearms industry exactly what it thought of due process. Inverted shall-issue inspections into shall-revoke inspections. Decided a brace was a stock. Decided 80% blanks were finished receivers. Decided every guy at a gun show was an unlicensed dealer. Then lost in court. And lost again. And again.

The first cleanup happened a year ago. In April 2025 the agency rescinded the Enhanced Regulatory Enforcement Policy — the "Zero Tolerance" framework that had quintupled FFL revocations. In May 2025 it published ATF Order 5370.1H as the replacement. That work is the predicate.

On April 29, 2026 the agency followed it with the package itself: 34 separate rulemaking notices divided into five groups — Repeal, Modernize, Reduce Burden, Clarify, Align. Twenty-seven are Notices of Proposed Rulemaking with open public comment. Seven are already Final or Direct Final Rules.

Some of this is real. Some of this is the agency formalizing losses it had already taken in court. Some of it is conspicuously missing. This is the case file.

§ 01 · Inventory
ATF taxonomy · self-classified

Thirty-four notices, five groups

The package is ATF's own count, in ATF's own words. Repeal is the loudest group. Clarify is the largest, and most of its substance flies under the radar — including a new statutory definition of "willfully" that will reshape how license revocations work.

4
Repeal
5
Modernize
7
Reduce Burden
12
Clarify
6
Align
§ 02 · Featured Notices
Five rulemakings · biggest leverage

The five that matter most

The package is thirty-four notices, not five. But these five carry the weight — three repeals of the most contested Biden-era rules, one quiet structural change to how long records are kept, and one new statutory definition that will reshape how license revocations work. Three are still proposals with open comment. One is already a Final Rule.

Case file 01 · Code 11P · Repeal

Stabilizing Brace Rule

ProposedNPRM
Original rule
2021R-08F (Jan 2023)
Effect rescinded
Reclassified ~40M pistols as SBRs
Court status
Vacated in Mock v. Garland (5th Cir.)
Action
Removes 27 CFR 478.11 / 479.11 language

ATF spent a decade telling people braces were not stocks. It published letters in writing approving them. Then in 2023 it reversed course and demanded that owners register, demill, surrender, or destroy. The Fifth Circuit vacated the rule and the agency lost again on the merits.

The reform package now formally proposes to pull the regulatory language. The rule was already enjoined or stayed across most of the country — this comment-period filing is the agency making the funeral arrangements official.

2A take Important but largely posthumous. The rule was already a dead letter. The win is precedent: an agency that reverses thirty years of guidance overnight will lose under the APA, and the agency now admits it in a Federal Register filing.
Case file 02 · Code 27P · Repeal

"Engaged in the Business" Rule

ProposedNPRM
Original rule
2022R-17F (April 2024)
Effect rescinded
Treated single sales as dealing
Litigation
Texas v. ATF — DOJ dropped defense April 2026
Statutory floor
BSCA definition retained

The original "private sale at a gun show is a federal crime" rule. ATF stretched the statutory definition of "engaged in the business" so far that a single transaction could trigger an unlicensed-dealing prosecution. The Justice Department dismissed its own appeal in Texas v. ATF earlier this month and the agency now proposes to rescind the regulatory overreach.

The underlying statutory text from the Bipartisan Safer Communities Act stays in place. So this is not a return to pre-2022 — it is a return to only what Congress actually wrote.

2A take The right outcome via the wrong vehicle. Congress wrote "with the principal objective of livelihood and profit" and the agency tried to delete those words. The text won. Read it. Then re-read BSCA — the statute itself is still bad.
Case file 03 · Code 2024-01F · Repeal

Bump-Stock Language

Final RuleEffective
Original rule
December 2018
Aligns with
Garland v. Cargill (2024)
Mechanism
Two sentences removed from three definitions of "machine gun"
Surrendered devices
~520,000 — no return mechanism

The Supreme Court already settled this in Cargill: a bump stock does not convert a semi-auto into a machine gun, full stop. The Final Rule scrubs the regulatory definitions to match the statute the Court enforced. This one is not a proposal — it is already in effect.

What is conspicuously absent: any program to return or compensate the half-million devices Americans surrendered or destroyed under the 2018 rule. The agency took those. It is not giving them back.

2A take Symbolic cleanup. The substantive win was Cargill. The missing compensation program is the tell — agencies that claim error rarely make people whole.
Case file 04 · Code 08P · Modernize

Records-Retention Periods

ProposedNPRM
Current rule
Indefinite retention
Proposed
20 or 30 years (comment open)
Records covered
Form 4473 · A&D records · OoB Records Center
Shorter periods
5y for multiple-sales / theft / incomplete 4473s · 90d for private-party checks

The quietest item in the package and possibly the most consequential one for daily FFL operations. Today, federal firearms records have no expiration — the agency keeps them effectively forever, and out-of-business records flow to the National Tracing Center to live on permanently. ATF now proposes a definite retention window: either twenty or thirty years, with public comment requested on which.

The comment period is the entire fight here. Twenty years vs. thirty years is the real question on the table. So is whether the same window applies to OoB Records Center holdings — and privacy advocates have been arguing for the shorter end since the Tracing Center was first stood up.

2A take Comment on this one. The retention question is a structural privacy decision dressed up as a paperwork question. Twenty years is the floor — anything longer reads as the registry that Congress explicitly forbade ATF from building.
Case file 05 · Code 47P · Clarify

Definition of "Willfully"

ProposedNPRM
Standard adopted
Bryan v. United States
Applies to
FFL revocation · suspension · civil penalties
Current state
No regulatory definition
Author
Codifies SCOTUS standard in CFR

Under the GCA, ATF can only revoke an FFL for willful violations. Courts have spent decades arguing about what that word means. The agency now proposes to bake the Supreme Court's Bryan standard directly into the regulations: a person acts willfully when they know their conduct is unlawful, even if they don't know the specific statute.

In plain English: a missing 4473 signature is not, by itself, a willful violation. Pattern, knowledge, and intent now have to be in the file before a revocation proceeding can begin. This is the regulatory cousin of the Order 5370.1H administrative reform — a procedural guardrail with teeth.

2A take Comment supportively and loudly. A federal regulation that codifies the SCOTUS Bryan standard is a structural protection for every FFL in the country, and an explicit rejection of the "any error is grounds for revocation" theory that powered Zero Tolerance.
$200 $0

The NFA Tax is Dead

Effective January 1, 2026, the federal transfer-and-make tax on suppressors, short-barreled rifles, short-barreled shotguns, and "any other weapon" dropped from $200 to zero. The reform package codifies the implementation and modernizes the eForm processing around it.

Caveat: Registration · background check · Form 4 wait · all still in effect

§ 03 · The Full Docket
All thirty-four · grouped by purpose

Every notice, every code, every type

The featured five upstream are the ones with the most leverage. The remaining twenty-nine are the bulk of the package. Codes are ATF's internal identifiers — public-comment dockets at regulations.gov use them. Type pills mark what stage each notice is at: NPRM means a comment period is open; Final means it is already in effect; Direct Final means it takes effect without a typical proposal cycle barring significant adverse comment.

Group 1 · Repeal

4 notices · rescind regulations that exceed statutory authority or failed in court
Rescinding regulatory language that exceeds statutory authority, failed judicial review, or did not achieve its intended outcome.
№ 0111P

Removing factoring criteria for firearms with attached "stabilizing braces"

Formally rescinds the 2023 brace rule and restores definitions consistent with the underlying statute. 27 CFR 478.11 · 27 CFR 479.11

NPRM
№ 0227P

Revising regulations defining "engaged in the business" as a dealer in firearms

Rescinds provisions of the 2024 EITB rule that expanded who must obtain an FFL. Retains the BSCA statutory definition. Bipartisan Safer Communities Act

NPRM
№ 0328P

Removing the Youth Handgun Safety Act notice

Rescinds the 1998 regulation that required FFLs to post and distribute the Youth Handgun Safety Act notice. The 1994 Act remains; the counter paperwork goes. 27 CFR § 478.103 · ATF I 5300.1 · ATF I 5300.2

NPRM
№ 042024-01F

Revising the machine-gun definition in response to a Supreme Court decision

Removes two sentences from each of three definitions of "machine gun" to implement Garland v. Cargill. Already final. Garland v. Cargill (2024) · NFA

Final

Group 2 · Modernize

5 notices · update compliance and recordkeeping for current technology
Updating ATF's compliance and recordkeeping framework to reflect current technology and business practices.
№ 0501P

Revising the Firearms Transaction Record, Form 4473

Streamlines identity and residency verification, extends the validity window of a NICS check, clarifies background-check exceptions, and authorizes electronic forms with auto-population. ATF Form 4473 · NICS

NPRM
№ 0607P

Firearms electronic recordkeeping

Codifies what variances have already permitted: FFLs may generate, maintain, and store Form 4473 and A&D records electronically. Form 4473 · A&D records

NPRM
№ 0708P

Firearm records-retention periods

Replaces today's effectively indefinite retention of FFL records with a definite 20- or 30-year window (comment open on which). 5-year and 90-day windows for narrower categories. Featured above. Form 4473 · A&D · Form 3310.4 · Form 3310.11

NPRM
№ 0826P

Revising non-over-the-counter firearms transaction requirements

Authorizes NOTC sales by FFLs to in-state residents (e.g. online sales delivered in-state) and modernizes how FFLs verify ID remotely. Gun Control Act 1968 · Brady Act 1994

NPRM
№ 0932D

Licensee "eZ Check" verification for transfers

Lets a transferring FFL verify the receiving FFL through ATF's online eZ Check system instead of requiring a paper certified copy. Removes the outdated 45-day grace period. FFL eZ Check

Direct Final

Group 3 · Reduce Burden

7 notices · eliminate administrative requirements that impose costs on law-abiding people
Eliminating administrative requirements that impose costs on law-abiding individuals and businesses.
№ 1003P

Interstate transport and temporary export of NFA items

Short-term transport (≤365 days): no advance notice or pre-approval required. Long-term: notice required, no waiting on ATF. ATF Form 5320.20 · 27 CFR § 478.28

NPRM
№ 1113P

Joint registration for spouses under the NFA

Married couples may file a joint application as makers and/or transferees of NFA firearms — without setting up a trust. Spousal transfers no longer count as a separate NFA transfer. National Firearms Act

NPRM
№ 1215P

Removing CLEO notification under the NFA

Removes the requirement that NFA make/transfer applicants forward a copy of the application to their local Chief Law Enforcement Officer. ATF Form 5320.23

NPRM
№ 1318P

Clarifying interstate transportation of firearms under the GCA

Recognizes that overnight stops, fueling, vehicle maintenance, emergency stops, and medical treatments are part of "transport" under FOPA's interstate-transport protections. Firearms Owners' Protection Act · GCA

NPRM
№ 1419P

Transferring machine guns between qualified licensees

Simplifies transfers between licensed manufacturers, importers, and dealers in two narrow circumstances: government demos, and going-out-of-business situations. GCA · NFA · January 2023 Open Letter

NPRM
№ 1520P

Clarifying Special Occupational Tax payments per business activity

Confirms that an FFL owes one SOT per business activity (manufacturing / importing / dealing) at a given location, regardless of how many GCA licenses are held there. 27 CFR · NFA · GCA

NPRM
№ 1638F

Removing the triplicate filing requirement for importing plastic explosives

Removes a regulation requiring importers to file the required attestation in triplicate. Administrative cleanup; no substantive change. Form 6

Final

Group 4 · Clarify

12 notices · resolve regulatory ambiguity for licensees and the public
Resolving regulatory ambiguity to provide licensees, applicants, and the public with clear, consistent, and actionable guidance.
№ 1706P

Firearm activities in Foreign Trade Zones and Customs-Bonded Warehouses

Excludes goods in CBWs from import requirements (matching FTZ treatment). Lifts the storage-only restriction on FFL activities in FTZs and CBWs. GCA · NFA

NPRM
№ 1809P

Importing dual-use frames, receivers, or barrels

FFLs may lawfully import barrels and frames/receivers usable on both sporting and non-sporting firearms, provided an identified sporting configuration exists at the time of import. GCA · NFA

NPRM
№ 1910P

Importing training rounds

Codifies that inert, marking, or simulated-projectile training rounds do not meet the GCA definition of "ammunition" and are therefore not regulated under the GCA or AECA. GCA · Arms Export Control Act

NPRM
№ 2016P

Converting temporary to permanent imports for defense articles

Creates a formal conversion path via Form 6 when a temporary import authorization expires — instead of forcing re-export, separate permanent re-import, or destruction. ATF Form 6

NPRM
№ 2117P

Allowing makers to adopt certain markings for NFA items

Individuals making NFA firearms by altering existing firearms may adopt the original manufacturer's markings instead of applying duplicative markings. Codifies existing variance practice. NFA marking requirements

NPRM
№ 2223P

Clarifying delivery to a common or contract carrier when transporting firearms

A traveler personally maintaining direct control of a firearm aboard a common or contract carrier (e.g. Amtrak) does not constitute "delivery" to the carrier. Gun Control Act

NPRM
№ 2324P

Revising definitions of "adjudicated as a mental defective" and "committed to a mental institution"

Modernizes the GCA definition. A person receiving assistance in only one functional area (e.g. financial management) is not, on that basis alone, prohibited. Commitments based on danger or NGRI properly fall under "committed," not "mental defective." Gun Control Act

NPRM
№ 2425P

Clarifying exceptions to the Brady Act background-check requirement

Sets standards for when a state-issued firearms permit substitutes for a NICS check: the permit must be valid, unexpired, and the state statute must conform to congressional requirements. Brady Act · NICS

NPRM
№ 2533P

Selecting biological sex on ATF forms

Implements Executive Order 14168: the sex field on ATF forms means biological sex (male or female) and excludes gender identity. Does not change any substantive eligibility. Executive Order 14168

NPRM
№ 2636P

Definition of business premises

Clarifies that "business premises" expressly includes adjoining or adjacent properties that share a common parking lot, sidewalk, or road. Definition of "business premises"

NPRM
№ 2741P

Firearms transactions and straw purchases

Provides regulatory clarity around the federal straw-purchase prohibition. Distinguishes true straw purchases from legitimate transactions like gifts. Federal straw-purchase prohibition

NPRM
№ 2847P

Creating a definition of "willfully" for firearms violations

Codifies the SCOTUS Bryan v. United States standard: a person acts willfully when they know their conduct is unlawful, even if they don't know the specific statute. Major procedural protection for FFLs. Featured above. GCA · Bryan v. United States

NPRM

Group 5 · Align

6 notices · conform regulatory text to statute, court decisions, and partner-agency action
Conforming ATF's regulatory text to reflect statutory changes, judicial decisions, and actions taken by partner agencies.
№ 2904P

Update to proscribed countries for import restrictions

Replaces ATF's static proscribed-countries list with a dynamic reference to the State Department's list. Removes most former Soviet countries; retains the Russian Federation. Arms Export Control Act · Department of State

NPRM
№ 3020-03D

Export-control reform: conforming references to the Department of Commerce

Technical amendments to 27 CFR parts 447 and 479 to reflect the Commerce/State export-control split. No substantive policy change. 27 CFR Part 447 · Part 479 · AECA

Final
№ 3121F

Conforming change for approving a making application

Codifies in regulation ATF's existing practice of conducting a NICS check as part of the NFA approval process for individuals making NFA firearms. NICS · NFA

Final
№ 3239P

Adding component definitions under the AECA

Aligns ATF's AECA terminology with the State Department's United States Munitions List. AECA · USML

NPRM
№ 332006R-01

Implementing PATRIOT Act improvements: contraband cigarettes and smokeless tobacco

Lowers the CCTA threshold from >60,000 to >10,000 cigarettes; extends coverage to smokeless tobacco for the first time; expands recordkeeping. The only new restriction in the entire package — and it's on contraband tobacco trafficking. USA PATRIOT Improvement and Reauthorization Act · CCTA

Final
№ 3445F

Changes to NFA tax remittance provisions

Conforms NFA regulations to the One Big Beautiful Bill Act's reduction of the tax remittance rate for certain NFA firearms. Regulatory housekeeping for the $0 tax. See banner above. NFA · One Big Beautiful Bill Act

Final
§ 04 · The Survivors
Read this column before celebrating

What did NOT get repealed

Reform packages are advertised by what they remove. The smarter read is what the agency chose to keep — every survivor is a deliberate choice, not an oversight.

Still on the books

— Hold your applause

Frames & Receivers Rule (2022R-05F)

The "ghost gun" rule. ATF kept it. Even though SCOTUS upheld a narrow reading in Garland v. VanDerStok, the underlying redefinition of "frame or receiver" stays intact. The agency had every chance to kill it here and passed.

Background-check infrastructure

NICS, the 4473, the FFL system itself. None of it is touched. This was never going to be on the table, but it is worth saying out loud — federal background checks remain federal background checks.

NFA registry for suppressors and SBRs

Tax is gone, registration is not. Every can and every SBR still rides through the same Form 4 process and lives forever in the National Firearms Registration and Transfer Record. Cheaper, not freer.

BSCA "engaged in business" statutory language

Only the regulatory expansion got pulled. The Bipartisan Safer Communities Act amendment that broadened the definition was passed by Congress, signed by a president, and remains in force. ATF cannot rewrite a statute it did not write.

§ 05 · The Predicate
Already in place · sets up today's package

Administrative actions before today

The 34 rulemakings filed today are not the whole story. ATF spent the previous twelve months retiring Zero Tolerance and standing up the internal scaffolding that makes the rest of this package operational. These actions are not in the 34, but they are why the 34 are credible.

Already done

— Five administrative actions, 2025–2026
April 2025 Administrative

Enhanced Regulatory Enforcement Policy rescinded

The "Zero Tolerance Policy" required investigators to initiate revocation for any of five categories of violation regardless of severity or pattern. Roughly a five-fold spike in FFL revocations followed. ATF formally rescinded it April 7, 2025 — twelve months before today's package. Dealers whose licenses were revoked or surrendered under ERP may now reapply.

May 2025 Administrative

ATF Order 5370.1H published

The replacement framework. Instructs Industry Operations Investigators to draw an explicit distinction between willful violations and clerical errors, and to scale enforcement in proportion. Revocation is the last step on a ladder, not the first. Internal review checkpoints are required before any revocation proceeding can be initiated. The Reform 28 NPRM that codifies "willfully" in regulation is the regulatory cousin of this order.

2025–26 Administrative

Classifications board established

All new firearm classifications now route through a centralized board with mandatory review by the Office of the Director. No more one-examiner determinations reclassifying entire categories of items overnight. The brace rule's procedural defect — agency-of-one reinterpretation — is the thing this board exists to prevent.

2025–26 Administrative

NICS alerts restricted to federal trafficking violations

ATF use of NICS alerts is now limited to federal firearms trafficking violations. The agency had been using NICS alerts as a much broader investigative tool; that authority is now scoped to its statutory purpose.

2025–26 Administrative

Senior Industry Partnership Advisor created · imports restored

A standing liaison between ATF and the firearms industry was created. Prior bans on the importation of non-lethal training ammunition and dual-use barrels were reversed (the latter is now also being formalized in the package as Reform 18, Code 09P).

§ 06 · Open Comment Window

Twenty-seven of the thirty-four are still proposals

ATF is explicitly soliciting public comment on each NPRM. The comment period is the only window in which the public, industry groups, and 2A organizations have actual influence over what the final rules look like. The retention-period question (Reform 7), the "willfully" definition (Reform 28), the brace rescission (Reform 1), and the EITB rescission (Reform 2) are all still open. Use them.

Comment now
The Take

Real. Partial.
Overdue.

Thirty-four rulemakings on a single day is the largest voluntary contraction of ATF authority in my lifetime, and it is also less than it advertises itself to be. Both of those things are true. Reform packages always read as victories on the page they are printed on. The trick is to read the column the agency did not print and the page numbers it did not file.

Zero Tolerance was the worst of it and Zero Tolerance has been gone for a year. The package now formally proposes to pull the brace rule and the EITB rule from the books. The bump-stock cleanup matches Cargill and is already a Final Rule. Reform 28 — the new statutory definition of "willfully" — quietly converts the 5370.1H administrative protection into something a federal court can enforce against the agency. That is real.

The agency that wrote the regulations is the same agency now striking them off the books.

And the column the agency did not print: the frames-and-receivers rule survives. The NFA registry survives. The roughly 520,000 bump stocks Americans handed over are not coming back. The statutory expansion of "engaged in the business" that Congress passed in BSCA is intact and will outlive every administration that inherits it. None of the 34 notices is a new restriction on lawful gun owners — but none of them rolls back BSCA, and none of them touches NICS itself.

The right way to read this package is as a policy retreat under court pressure, not a philosophical conversion. The cases that forced the agency to write this document — Cargill, Mock, VanDerStok, Texas v. ATF — all came from outside the building. ATF did not wake up. It was woken up. Repeatedly. By judges.

Twenty-seven of the thirty-four are still proposals. Comment on them. The retention-period question and the "willfully" definition are the two most consequential items in the entire package, and they are both NPRMs. The window closes when ATF says it does. Take the win. Catalog the survivors. Then file comments.

Sources & primary documents